Bismillah hir-Rahman nir-Rahim
(In the Name of ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL)
THE RULES OF THE UMMUL QURA ISLAMIC CALENDAR ?
1 Jan 1998
Dr.Mohib.N.DURRANI,
E-Mail: mnd0@columbia.edu
North American Coordinator (Since 1987), for Astronomical Information
Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), Copyright (c) 1997
THE MUSLIM STUDENTS ASSOCIATION (MSA) OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
102 Earl Hall, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
THE RULES OF THE UMMUL QURA ISLAMIC CALENDAR ?
**********************************************
2 Ramadan 1418 AH
1 January 1998 AD
[11 Jan '98,Small revisions]
Dr.Mohib.N.Durrani
mnd0@columbia.edu
http://www.Hilal-Sighting.Com
Copyright (c) 1998
[Permission for free distribution granted to all]
As Salam alikum and Ramadan Mubarak to all.
I am very grateful to Br.Bushair Thayyil (from Saudi Arabia) for the
explanation of the RULES of the "UMMUL QURA ISLAMIC CALENDAR" of Makkah.
I would like to first repeat what Br.Thayyil had mentioned, so that we
can be sure that we have understood what he has stated. Then, if these
rules are the ones used for the Ummul Qura Islamic Calendar, I would like
to share some extensions of the explanation and hence some implications
of the rules of the calendar. These implications would give some idea of
the strengths and limitations of this system for determining the
"Ummul Qura Islamic Calendar", inshallah. This is accomplished by
considering actual examples of lunations, specifically chosen, to
highlight the implications. Examples for Shaban 1418 AH (Nov 1997),
Ramadan 1418 AH (Dec 1997), and Shawwal 1418 AH (Jan 1998) are also given.
Ofcourse, an Islamic Month starts only after the actual sighting, in the
Western direction, of the Hilal (Crescent Moon), in the evening, and
after sunset.
IF the rules given by Br.Thayyil do NOT apply to the Ummul Qura Islamic
Calendar, the following article can be considered as an explanation of
the strengths and limitations of a calendar based on the Time of an
Astronomical New Moon, with a built-in phase shift.
A summary of the results is provided at the beginning of the analysis,
after the graphical representation of the Hijri/Gregorian Days.
If any of you feel that I could learn more about the "Ummul Qura Islamic
Calendar" from anyone else, please forward my message to them and/or
forward their address (preferably email) to me.
I seem to recall that Islamic Calendars are based on a thirty (30) year
cycle with eleven (11) leap years in the cycle. The year has twelve (12)
months with odd-numbered months having thirty (30) days and even-numbered
months having twenty-nine (29) days. During leap years the twelfth month
(Dhul-Hijjah) has thirty days. In the thiry year cycle the leap years are
designated as year 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, and 29.
The Islamic months are in the following order:
1. Muharram 2. Safar 3. Rabi-ul-Awwal
4. Rabi-ul-Thani 5. Jummah-dhul-Awwal 6. Jummah-dul-Thani
7. Rajab 8. Shaban 9. Ramadan
10. Shawwal 11. Zul-Qada 12. Zul-Hajj
I STRONGLY feel that an Islamic attitude of mutual respect and
understanding can go a long way in the exchange of critical information.
Since we are blessed with various email lists and newsgroups, I would
request those of us who have additional technical astronomical
information on the subject to help me in the understanding of the
rules of the "Ummul Qura Islamic Calendar", Jazakumullahu Khairun.
Your brother in Islam,
Dr. Mohib.N.Durrani
North American Coordinator for
Astronomical Information
Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)
E-Mail: mnd@columbia.edu
Homepage http://www.columbia.edu/~mnd
PS: The full article could not be posted at some places, due to length
restrictions, hence I request you to please visit my homepage
(address mentioned above) for the complete article with the
background calculations.
***********************************************************************
Br.Thayyil stated on Thu Jan 1 07:08:15 1998
> Subject: msa-net: Ramadan
> Message-Id: (99801011205.GAA29057@msa-natl.org)
> From: Bushair Thayyil, JEDDAH-21432, SAUDI ARABIA.
... .. .
> The world lunar calendar always agrees with the 'Ummul Qura Calendar'
> and in turn with the announced dates in Makkah. (Or the dates are
> always announced based on the Ummul qura calendar.)
> The following are the rules to calculate the 'World Lunar Calendar'.. .
> 1. Hijra Date Line. Assuming Makkah (40E) as the zero line instead
> of Greenwich, the Hijra date line is fixed on 140w line which
> pass through the border of Canada and Alaska (US).
> 2. If the new moon falls in a hijra day the current day is the first
> day of the new hijra month.
> 3. Only when the New moon is after 21:00 hrs (greenwich) the date is
> not changed. (Since based on the Hijra date line 21:OO hrs fall in
> the next day )
> Thanks and Regards
> Bushair Thayyil
PS: Brother Thayyil has mentioned (in personal communications) that
the above rules are "expected" rules. The actual rules of the
Ummul Qura Calendar are known only to the creators of the calendar.
Please inform me if anyone knows the actual rules used to generate
the Ummul Qura Calendar, Jazakumullahu Khairun.
***********************************************************************
I will first try and "draw" an approximate Longitude Grid of the world
as this may help in crystalizing the concepts, inshallah.
HIJRI Dr.Mohib.N.DURRANI HIJRI
Date Copyright (c) 1998 Date
Line MAKKAH Line
| | |
REF: UMMUL QURA |+++++++++++ HIJRI Date ++++++++++++| MAKKAH Centered
| | |
LONGITUDES: -180-140 0 +40 +180+220 Degrees
W W E E E
| | | | | |
|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| | | | |
Examples: | 3 | 2 | | 1 | Examples
| | | | |
UNIVERSAL TIME: 24 21 12 9 0 [Noon at Greenwich]
Relative Hours:-12 -9 0 +3 +12
| | |
|========= GREGORIAN Date ==========| GREENWICH Centered
| | |
INTERNATIONAL GREENWICH INTERNATIONAL
Date Date
Line Line
^ ^ ^
| | |
| | Examples 1A and 1B = 1
| 2 = Examples 2A and 2B
3 = Examples 3A and 3B
E = East of Greenwich
W = West of Greenwich
International Date line: -180 deg W (same as +180 deg E)
Ummul Qura Hijri Date Line: -140 deg W (same as +220 deg E)
[Phase Shift of 40 Deg E, from Greenwich]
The following is a short description of the dynamics of the Sun-Earth-Moon
system. The Earth revolves around the Sun in one year (Tropical Year,
equinox to equinox: 365Days 05Hrs 48Min 45.19Sec). The Moon revolves
around the Earth in about one month (Synodic Month, new moon to new moon:
29Days 12Hrs 44Min 03Sec). The Earth rotates on its axis once a day
(mean solar day: 24Hrs 00Min 00.0084Sec of mean sidereal time). Mean
inclination of the path of the Moon around the Earth to the apparant
path of the Sun around the Earth (Ecliptic) is 5.145396 Degrees. The
mean obliquity of the ecliptic is 23Deg 26Min 21.4Sec to the equator.
The International Date Line is an artificial line at around 180 deg
Longitude (opposite to Greenwich Longitude of 0 degrees).
The date increases by one while traveling west across the date line.
The date decreases by one while traveling east across the date line.
If the Hilal (Crescent Moon) is first sighted at a location on the
Earth, then all locations to the west of that location, on the same
latitude, would be able to see the Hilal. In fact, places to the
west of the location of first world-wide sighting would see the hilal
more easily since it would be higher in the twilight sky and would
also be thicker.
There exists a Zone-Of-Uncertainty (ZOU) around the locations of
the first sightings of the Hilal (east and west of the location,
at the same latitude) where the Hilal may or may not be seen, because
of variations in the optical clarity of the atmosphere.
The first sighting of the Hilal could occur at any point on the globe and
the loction of the first sighting varies from lunar month to lunar month.
Based on reported sightings of the Hilal, there exists a combination of
minimum values of parameters when the Hilal could be PREDICTED AS VISIBLE.
The predominant factor is the altitude (height) of the Hilal relative to
the Sun. The next predominant factor is the elongation of the Hilal (the
angular separation of the Moon from the Sun, as viewed from the
Earth).
SUMMARY OF IMPLICATIONS OF THE RULES OF UMMUL QURA ISLAMIC CALENDAR:
********************************************************************
The RULES OF UMMUL QURA CALENDAR state (?) that the Ummul Qura Calendar
****************************
Month starts on the SAME DATE as the Astronomical New Moon (ANM) Date (ANMD)
IF the Astronomical New Moon Time (ANMT) is LESS than 21 Hours Universal
Time (UT). The Calendar Date is the DATE AFTER the Astronomical New Moon
Date (ANMD) Date, IF the Astronomical New Moon time (ANMT) is GREATER than
21 Hours Universal Time (UT). THEN such a calendar is expected to be
ACCURATE FOR VISUAL SIGHTING OF THE CRESCENT MOON, AT MAKKAH, ONLY FOR
**********************************************************************
ABOUT TWENTY PERCENT (20%) OF ITS PREDICTIONS !!!
*************************************************
Most of the sighting probabilies indicate "IMPOSSIBLE" for sightings on
the date of the Astronomical New Moon. As will be shown later, only very
few of the dates of the Astronomical New Moon have sighting probabilties
of at least "Very Difficult" !!
HENCE, SUCH A SET OF RULES ARE INADEQUATE FOR AN ISLAMIC CALENDAR, BASED
************************************************************************
ON PREDICTIVE VISUAL SIGHTINGS OF THE HILAL, AT MAKKAH.
*******************************************************
Please see the examples shown below. The examples are given for the
following Astronomical New Moon Times:
1. Astronomical New Moon Time of CLOSE TO 00 Hours (with ANMT>0 Hrs)
2. Astronomical New Moon Time of LESS THAN 21 Hours
3. Astronomical New Moon Time of GREATER THAN 21 Hours
4. Sighting Probabilities for the months of SHABAN, RAMADAN,
SHAWWAL, AND ZUL-HIJJ, 1418.
When we look at the conditions of the Sun and Moon AT MAKKAH on that evening
of 1997 Dec 29 (Mon), for the month of Ramadan 1418, the Moon had set BEFORE
the Sun had set making it IMPOSSIBLE for the Hilal to be seen. In addition
to the above, the Astronomical New Moon Time was about 2 hours AFTER the the
local sunset time!!
The predicted visibility of the Hilal, at Makkah, on the evening of
29 December 1997 was IMPOSSIBLE.
Please also note that the rules of the Ummul Qura Calendar would predict
the Islamic month of RAMADAN 1418 to start on evening of 1997 Dec 29 (Mon)
since the Astronomical New Moon occured on 1997 Dec 29d 16h 56m (Mon)!
Similarly, the start of Shaban 1418 would be predicted by the rules of Ummul
Qura to be on the evening of 1998 Jan 28 (Wed) since the Astronomical New
Moon Time is 1998 Jan 28d 06h 01m.
The predicted visibility of the Hilal, AT MAKKAH, based on astronomical and
atmospherical information, on the evening of 28 Jan 1998, is IMPOSSIBLE.
The following are some summarized details of the examples considered:
****************************************************************************
EXAMPLE ISLAMIC SIGHTING DATE ASRONOMICAL NEW MOON (UT)
No. Year Month (Evening of) Year Mth Dte Hr Min (Day)
Astronomical New Moon near 00 Hours Universal Time (UT)
1A 1418 SHABAN 1997 Nov 30 (Sun) 1997 Nov 30d 02h 14m (Sun)
1B 1416 SAFAR 1995 Jun 28 (Wed) 1995 Jun 28d 00h 50m (Wed)
Astronomical New Moon less than 21 Hours Universal Time (UT)
2A 1411 SHAWWAL 1991 Apr 14 (Sun) 1991 Apr 14d 19h 38m (Sun)
2B 1413 JUMMAH-1 1992 Oct 25 (Sun) 1992 Oct 25d 20h 34m (Sun)
Astronomical New Moon greater than 21 Hours Universal Time (UT)
3A 1416 SHAWWAL 1996 Feb 18 (Sun) 1996 Feb 18d 23h 30m (Sun)
3A1 1996 Feb 19 (Mon)
3B 1412 RABI-2 1991 Oct 07 (Mon) 1991 Oct 07d 21h 39m (Mon)
3B1 1991 Oct 08 (Tue)
Examples for 1418 AD of SHABAN, RAMADAN, SHAWWAL, ZUL-HAJJ
4A 1418 SHABAN 1997 Nov 30 (Sun) 1997 Nov 30d 02h 14m (Sun)
4B 1418 RAMADAN 1997 Dec 29 (Mon) 1997 Dec 29d 16h 56m (Mon)
4C 1418 SHAWWAL 1998 Jan 28 (Wed) 1998 Jan 28d 06h 01m (Wed)
4D 1418 ZUL-HIJJA 1998 Mar 28 (Sat) 1998 Mar 28d 03h 14m (Sat)
=============================================================================
A summary of the results of the predicted sighting of the Hilal, based
on the Rules of the Ummul Qura Calendar is presented below.
The following Symbols are used:
* = Moonset BEFORE Sunset, Impossible to see Hilal
$ = Hilal could be seen with Optical Aids
@ = Hilal may not be seen even on the next date
=============================================================================
Examples: 2A 2B 1A 1B
IslamicMonth 1411Shw 1413Jm1 1418Shb 1416Sfr
AstroNewMoon 91Apr14 92Oct25 97Nov30 95Jun28
UniversalTime 19Hr38M 20Hr34M 02Hr14M 00Hr50M
SightinfDate 91Apr14 92Oct25 97Nov30 95Jun28
SIGHTING ? SIGHTING ? SIGHTING ? SIGHTING ?
.MAKKAH-SArb IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE$ IMPOSSIBLE
%ISTNBUL-Trk IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE$ IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE$ IMPOSSIBLE
.CPETOWN-SAf IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE VERY DFCLT$
.ALGIERS-Alg IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ VERY DFCLT$ IMPOSSIBLE
%GRENWCH-Eng IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE$ IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ DIFFICULT $ IMPOSSIBLE
%RIOJNRO-Brz IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE VERY DFCLT$ DIFFICULT $
.SnTIGO-Chle IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE$ PROBABLE $
.GUYQIL-Ecdr IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE PROBABLE DIFFICULT $
%MIAMI---USA IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ PROBABLE IMPOSSIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE MOST PROBL IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE$ IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE VISIBLE VERY DFCLT$
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.TOKYO-Japan IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.JAKARTA-Ind IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.AGRA--India IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.PESHAWR-Pks IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
Examples: 3A 3A1 3B 3B1
IslamicMonth 1416Shw 1416Shw 1412Rb2 1412Rb2
AstroNewMoon 96Feb18 96Feb18 91Oct07 91Oct07
UniversalTime 23Hr30M 21Hr39M
SightinfDate 96Feb18 96Feb19 91Oct07 91Oct08
(NextDay) (NextDay)
SIGHTING ? SIGHTING ? SIGHTING ? SIGHTING ?
.MAKKAH-SArb IMPOSSIBLE@ VERY DFCLT$ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
%ISTNBUL-Trk IMPOSSIBLE@ DIFFICULT $ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt IMPOSSIBLE@ DIFFICULT $ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.CPETOWN-SAf IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ PROBABLE $
.ALGIERS-Alg IMPOSSIBLE@ PROBABLE $ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
%GRENWCH-Eng IMPOSSIBLE@ DIFFICULT $ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl IMPOSSIBLE@ PROBABLE $ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
%RIOJNRO-Brz IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE$ IMPOSSIBLE@ MOST PROBL
.SnTIGO-Chle IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE VISIBLE
.GUYQIL-Ecdr IMPOSSIBLE@ PROBABLE IMPOSSIBLE@ PROBABLE
%MIAMI---USA IMPOSSIBLE VISIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA IMPOSSIBLE VISIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd IMPOSSIBLE MOST PROBL IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als IMPOSSIBLE VISIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi IMPOSSIBLE VISIBLE IMPOSSIBLE VERY DFCLT$
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.TOKYO-Japan IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE$
.JAKARTA-Ind IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE$ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.AGRA--India IMPOSSIBLE@ VERY DFCLT$ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.PESHAWR-Pks IMPOSSIBLE@ VERY DFCLT$ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn IMPOSSIBLE@ VERY DFCLT$ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran IMPOSSIBLE@ VERY DFCLT$ IMPOSSIBLE@ IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 1A: (Detailed Outputs)
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1418 SHABAN [8th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1997 Nov 30d 02h 14m (UT) (Sun) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1997 Nov 30 (Sun) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 17:39 18:12 12: 25 +7<+7 +1 IMPOSSIBLE$
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 16:39 17:20 12: 25 +7<+7 -2 IMPOSSIBLE$
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 16:55 17:32 12: 41 +7 +7 -0 IMPOSSIBLE$
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 19:41 20: 0 15: 27 +9 +4 +8 IMPOSSIBLE
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 16:33 17:16 14: 19 +8<+8 -2 VERY DFCLT$
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 15:56 16:47 13: 42 +8 +6 -4 IMPOSSIBLE$
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 18:38 19:17 16: 24 +9 +9 +1 DIFFICULT $
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 18:23 18:56 19: 9 +10<+7 +7 VERY DFCLT$
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 19:38 20:10 21: 24 +11 +6 +9 IMPOSSIBLE$
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:19 19: 3 21: 5 +11+10 +4 PROBABLE
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 17:30 18:20 20: 16 +10+10 -2 PROBABLE
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 16:43 17:41 22: 29 +11+11 -4 MOST PROBL
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 15:39 17: 6 21: 25 +11 +5 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 15:54 17:15 22: 40 +12 +6 -10 IMPOSSIBLE$
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 17:46 18:47 25: 32 +13+13 -2 VISIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 17:37*17:27 3: 23 +5 -2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 16:30 16:55 5: 16 +5 +5 +1 IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 19: 5 19: 9 8: 51 +6 +1 +6 IMPOSSIBLE
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 17:56 18:12 8: 42 +6 +4 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19: 2 19:21 8: 48 +6 +4 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 17:12 17:39 8: 58 +6<+6 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 17:56 18:25 10: 12 +6 +6 +1 IMPOSSIBLE
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 17: 7 17:40 9: 53 +6 +6 +0 IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 17:14 17:47 10: 30 +6 +6 +0 IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 16:23 16:59 11: 9 +7<+7 -1 IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 1B:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1416 SAFAR [ 2nd Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1995 Jun 28d 00h 50m (UT) (Wed) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1995 Jun 28 (Wed) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 19: 8 19:23 15: 18 +8 +3 -7 IMPOSSIBLE
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 19:42 19:45 16: 52 +9 +1 -9 IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 19: 0 19:12 16: 10 +9 +2 -8 IMPOSSIBLE
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 17:48 18:29 14: 58 +7 +7 -0 VERY DFCLT$
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 19:10 19:20 18: 20 +9 +2 -9 IMPOSSIBLE
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 20:20*20:13 19: 30 +10 -1 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 19:42 20: 7 18: 52 +9<+6 -7 IMPOSSIBLE
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 17:19 18: 3 19: 29 +9 +9 -1 DIFFICULT $
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 17:47 18:40 20: 57 +10+10 +1 PROBABLE $
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:19 19: 1 22: 29 +11 +9 -5 DIFFICULT $
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 19:15 19:42 23: 25 +11<+6 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 18:59 19:26 26: 9 +13 +5 -11 IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 23:47*22:51 30: 57 +15 -4 -15 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 22:39*22:13 30: 49 +15 -2 -15 IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 19:15 19:54 28: 25 +13 +8 -10 VERY DFCLT$
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 15: 2 15:24 2: 12 +4 +4 -2 IMPOSSIBLE
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 19: 1*18:56 9: 11 +6 -1 -6 IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 17:22 17:47 8: 32 +5 +5 -2 IMPOSSIBLE
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 17:50 18: 7 10: 0 +6 +4 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19:26 19:41 10: 36 +6 +3 -5 IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 18:50 18:57 12: 0 +7 +2 -7 IMPOSSIBLE
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 19:48 19:55 13: 28 +8 +1 -8 IMPOSSIBLE
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 19:29 19:33 13: 39 +8 +1 -8 IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 19:40 19:43 14: 20 +8 +0 -8 IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 18:54 18:59 15: 4 +8 +1 -8 IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 2A:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1411 SHAWWAL [10th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1991 Apr 14d 19h 38m (UT) (Sun) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1991 Apr 14 (Sun) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 18:41*18:26 -3: 57 +6 -3 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 18:44*18:39 -2: 54 +5 -1 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 18:22*18:12 -3: 16 +6 -2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 18:26*17:55 -3: 12 +6 -6 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 18:21*18:19 -1: 17 +5 -0 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 18:54 19: 3 0:-44 +5 +1 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 19:23*19:15 0:-15 +5 -2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 17:41*17:22 1: 3 +6 -4 +4 IMPOSSIBLE@
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 18:23*18: 2 2: 45 +6 -4 +4 IMPOSSIBLE@
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:21*18:15 3: 43 +6 -1 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 18:43 18:51 4: 5 +5 +2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 18:17 18:36 6: 39 +6 +4 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 20:47 21:58 9: 9 +6 +6 -0 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 20:19 21:23 9: 41 +6 +6 +0 IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 18:48 19: 7 9: 10 +6 +4 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 15:54*15: 6 -15: 44 +11 -8 -7 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 18:14*17:46 -10: 24 +8 -5 +6 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 17:57*17:17 -9: 41 +8 -8 -1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 17:54*17:21 -8: 44 +8 -8 +2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19:20*18:51 -8: 18 +8 -7 +3 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 18:20*17:57 -7: 18 +7 -5 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 19:13*18:54 -5: 55 +6 -3 +6 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 18:44*18:28 -5: 54 +6 -3 +6 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 18:54*18:39 -5: 14 +6 -2 +6 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 18: 7*17:55 -4: 31 +6 -2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 2B:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1413 JUMMAH-1 [ 5th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1992 Oct 25d 20h 34m (UT) (Sun) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1992 Oct 25 (Sun) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 17:50*17:22 -5: 44 +6 -6 -1 IMPOSSIBLE@
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 17:11*16:36 -5: 23 +6 -6 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 17:14*16:44 -5: 20 +6 -6 -0 IMPOSSIBLE@
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 19: 8*18:58 -3: 26 +5 -2 -4 IMPOSSIBLE@
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 16:59*16:30 -3: 35 +5 -5 -1 IMPOSSIBLE@
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 16:46*16: 8 -3: 48 +6 -5 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 18:44*18:26 -1: 50 +5 -4 -3 IMPOSSIBLE@
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 18: 1*17:59 0: 27 +4 -1 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 19: 5 19:12 2: 31 +4 +1 -3 IMPOSSIBLE
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:11*18: 9 2: 37 +4 -1 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 17:44*17:30 2: 10 +5 -3 -4 IMPOSSIBLE@
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 17: 4*16:51 4: 30 +5 -2 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 17:21*16:29 4: 47 +5 -5 -3 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 17:17*16:34 5: 43 +6 -4 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 17:57*17:56 7: 23 +5 -0 -5 IMPOSSIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 16:54*16:16 -15: 40 +10 -8 -7 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 16:55*16:11 -12: 39 +9 -8 +3 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 18:34*18: 6 -10: 0 +8 -5 -5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 17:47*17:15 -9: 47 +8 -7 -3 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 18:59*18:27 -9: 35 +8 -8 -2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 17:25*16:50 -9: 9 +8 -8 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 18:12*17:38 -7: 52 +7 -7 -0 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 17:30*16:54 -8: 4 +7 -7 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 17:38*17: 2 -7: 26 +7 -7 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 16:48*16:13 -6: 46 +7 -7 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 3A:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1416 SHAWWAL [ 9th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1996 Feb 18d 23h 30m (UT) (Sun) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1996 Feb 18 (Sun) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 17:50 17:56 -8: 40 +7 -6 +4 IMPOSSIBLE@
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 18:21*17:22 -7: 9 +6 -3 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 17:43*17:23 -7: 47 +7 -5 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 17:46 19: 4 -7: 44 +7 -7 -1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 19:36*17:14 -3: 54 +5 -2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 17:31*17: 7 -5: 59 +6 -2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 17:20 18:58 -6: 10 +6 -4 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 19:15*18: 9 -1: 15 +5 -4 +2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 18:30 19:12 -1: 0 +5 -4 +2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 19:33*18:30 1: 3 +4 -2 +4 IMPOSSIBLE@
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 18:41*18:12 0: 11 +4 -1 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 18:16*17:41 2: 46 +4 +1 +3 IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 17:36 18:28 2: 6 +3 +3 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 18: 0 18:22 3: 30 +3 +3 +1 IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 17:55 18:37 4: 25 +4 +2 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 18:29*16:30 -17: 1 +12-10 -6 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 17:23*16:44 -15: 7 +10 -8 +7 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 17:26 18:19 -14: 4 +10-10 -3 IMPOSSIBLE@
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 19: 3*17:37 -11: 27 +9 -9 +0 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 18:16 18:52 -13: 14 +10 -9 +2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 19:29*17:22 -10: 1 +8 -7 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 17:56 18:12 -11: 4 +8 -7 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 18:43*17:32 -9: 47 +8 -6 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 18: 2*17:40 -9: 58 +8 -5 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 18: 9*16:53 -8: 21 +7 -5 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 3A1:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1416 SHAWWAL [ 9th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1996 Feb 18d 23h 30m (UT) (Sun) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1996 Feb 19 (Mon) evening
Sighting Date Increase 1 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 18:22 18:58 15: 52 +9 +8 +3 VERY DFCLT$
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 17:44 18:34 16: 14 +9 +9 -0 DIFFICULT $
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 17:46 18:29 16: 16 +9 +9 +2 DIFFICULT $
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 19:35 19:47 18: 5 +11 +2 +10 IMPOSSIBLE
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 17:32 18:24 18: 2 +10+10 +0 PROBABLE $
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 17:21 18:26 17: 51 +10 +9 -3 DIFFICULT $
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 19:15 19:57 19: 45 +11+10 +4 PROBABLE $
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 18:29 18:56 21: 59 +12<+6 +11 IMPOSSIBLE$
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 19:32 19:54 24: 2 +14 +5 +13 IMPOSSIBLE
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:41 19:23 24: 11 +13+10 +9 PROBABLE
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 18:16 19:16 23: 46 +13+13 +2 VISIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 17:37 18:48 26: 7 +14+14 -0 VISIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 18: 3 20: 4 26: 33 +15+12 -9 MOST PROBL
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 17:57 19:53 27: 27 +15+12 -9 VISIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 18:29 19:39 28: 59 +16+15 +3 VISIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 17:22*17:10 5: 52 +5 -3 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 17:27 17:53 8: 57 +5 +5 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 19: 2 19: 3 11: 32 +7 +0 +7 IMPOSSIBLE
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 18:16 18:31 11: 46 +7 +3 +6 IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19:29 19:48 11: 59 +7 +4 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 17:57 18:26 12: 27 +7 +6 +3 IMPOSSIBLE$
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 18:44 19:17 13: 44 +8 +7 +3 VERY DFCLT$
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 18: 3 18:40 13: 33 +7 +7 +1 VERY DFCLT$
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 18:10 18:48 14: 10 +8<+8 +1 VERY DFCLT$
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 17:20 18: 2 14: 50 +8 +8 +1 VERY DFCLT$
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 3B:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1412 RABI-2 [ 4th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1991 Oct 07d 21h 39m (UT) (Mon) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1991 Oct 07 (Mon) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 18: 5*17:34 -6: 34 +7 -7 -1 IMPOSSIBLE@
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 17:39*17: 2 -6: 0 +7 -7 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 17:34*17: 1 -6: 5 +7 -7 -0 IMPOSSIBLE@
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 18:53*18:40 -4: 46 +6 -2 -5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 17:24*16:51 -4: 15 +6 -6 -1 IMPOSSIBLE@
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 17:26*16:44 -4: 13 +6 -6 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 18:55*18:33 -2: 44 +6 -5 -3 IMPOSSIBLE@
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 17:53*17:47 0:-46 +5 -1 -5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 18:50 18:53 1: 11 +5 +1 -5 IMPOSSIBLE
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:13*18: 5 1: 34 +5 -2 -5 IMPOSSIBLE@
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 18: 1*17:42 1: 22 +6 -4 -4 IMPOSSIBLE@
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 17:26*17: 6 3: 47 +6 -4 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 18:26*17:29 4: 47 +6 -6 -3 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 18:14*17:24 5: 35 +7 -6 -3 IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 18:12*18: 3 6: 33 +6 -2 -6 IMPOSSIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 16:33*15:54 -17: 6 +11 -8 -8 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 17:19*16:34 -13: 20 +9 -9 +3 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 18:21*17:50 -11: 18 +8 -6 -6 IMPOSSIBLE@
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 17:48*17:14 -10: 51 +8 -8 -3 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19: 4*18:30 -10: 35 +8 -8 -2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 17:41*17: 5 -9: 58 +8 -8 +0 IMPOSSIBLE@
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 17:41 17:54 -9: 28 +8 -8 +0 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 18: 5*17:15 -8: 34 +8 -8 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 17:39*17:23 -8: 30 +7 -7 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 17:34*16:35 -7: 5 +7 -7 +1 IMPOSSIBLE@
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 3B1:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1412 RABI-2 [ 4th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1991 Oct 07d 21h 39m (UT) (Mon) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1991 Oct 08 (Tue) evening
Sighting Date Increase 1 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 18: 4 18:14 17: 25 +10 +2 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 17:37*17:30 17: 58 +11 -1 -11 IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 17:33 17:37 17: 54 +10 +1 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 18:54 19:44 19: 15 +10+10 -3 PROBABLE $
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 17:22 17:22 19: 43 +11 +0 -11 IMPOSSIBLE
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 17:23*17: 3 19: 44 +12 -3 -11 IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 18:54 19:16 21: 15 +12 +5 -11 IMPOSSIBLE
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 17:54 18:45 23: 15 +12+11 -5 MOST PROBL
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 18:51 19:57 25: 12 +13+13 -2 VISIBLE
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:13 18:56 25: 34 +13+10 -9 PROBABLE
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 18: 0 18:20 25: 21 +14 +4 -13 IMPOSSIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 17:24 17:41 27: 45 +15 +3 -15 IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 18:22*17:27 28: 43 +16 -5 -15 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 18:10*17:30 29: 31 +16 -4 -16 IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 18:11 18:44 30: 32 +16 +7 -15 VERY DFCLT$
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 16:34 17: 3 6: 55 +6 +4 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 17:18*17: 6 10: 39 +8 -2 -7 IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 18:21 18:53 12: 42 +7 +6 -4 IMPOSSIBLE$
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 17:47 18: 5 13: 8 +8 +4 -7 IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19: 4 19:18 13: 25 +8 +3 -8 IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 17:41 17:43 14: 2 +9 +1 -9 IMPOSSIBLE
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 18:29 18:30 15: 20 +9 +1 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 17:51*17:48 15: 12 +9 -1 -9 IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 17:59*17:55 15: 50 +10 -0 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 17:10*17: 7 16: 31 +10 -1 -10 IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 4A: [Same as Example 1A, 1418 Shaban, 1997 Nov 30
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 4B:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1418 Ramdan [9th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1997 Dec 29d 16h 56m (UT) (Mon) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1997 Dec 29 (Mon) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 17:50*17:48 -2: 6 +5 -0 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 16:46 16:53 -2: 10 +4 +1 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 17: 4 17: 6 -1: 52 +5 +0 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 19:59*19:40 1: 3 +5 -4 +4 IMPOSSIBLE@
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 16:41 16:50 0:-15 +4 +2 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 16: 0 16:19 0:-56 +4 +2 +3 IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 18:50 18:54 1: 54 +4 +1 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 18:40*18:35 4: 44 +5 -1 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 19:56*19:50 7: 0 +6 -1 +6 IMPOSSIBLE
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:33 18:41 6: 37 +5 +2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 17:40 17:58 5: 44 +5 +4 +3 IMPOSSIBLE
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 16:52 17:18 7: 56 +5 +5 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 15:29 16:40 6: 33 +5 +4 -2 IMPOSSIBLE
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 15:51 16:51 7: 55 +5 +5 -2 IMPOSSIBLE
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 17:57 18:26 11: 1 +6<+6 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 17:57*17: 9 -10: 59 +8 -8 -0 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 16:38*16:26 -9: 18 +7 -2 +7 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 19:23*18:50 -5: 33 +6 -6 +2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 18:10*17:49 -5: 46 +6 -5 +4 IMPOSSIBLE@
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19:15*18:57 -5: 41 +6 -4 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 17:22*17:13 -5: 34 +6 -2 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 18: 5*17:59 -4: 21 +5 -1 +5 IMPOSSIBLE@
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 17:16*17:13 -4: 40 +5 -0 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 17:22*17:20 -4: 4 +5 -0 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 16:31 16:32 -3: 25 +5 +0 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 4C:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1418 Shawwal [10th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1998 Jan 28d 06h 01m (UT) (Wed) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1998 Jan 28 (Wed) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 18:10 18:30 9: 9 +5 +4 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 17:17 17:46 9: 16 +5 +5 -0 IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 17:29 17:53 9: 28 +5 +5 +1 IMPOSSIBLE
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 19:54 20: 1 11: 53 +7 +1 +7 IMPOSSIBLE
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 17: 9 17:41 11: 8 +6<+6 -0 IMPOSSIBLE
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 16:43 17:21 10: 42 +5 +5 -2 IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 19: 7 19:35 13: 6 +7 +6 +2 IMPOSSIBLE$
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 18:40 19: 1 15: 39 +8 +4 +7 IMPOSSIBLE
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 19:50 20:10 17: 49 +10 +4 +9 IMPOSSIBLE
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:42 19:15 17: 41 +9<+8 +5 VERY DFCLT$
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 18: 2 18:44 17: 1 +9 +9 +0 DIFFICULT $
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 17:18 18:10 19: 17 +10+10 -2 PROBABLE $
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 16:53 18:18 18: 52 +10<+7 -8 VERY DFCLT$
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 16:58 18:20 19: 57 +11 +7 -8 VERY DFCLT$
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 18:17 19:11 22: 16 +12+12 +0 MOST PROBL
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 17:47*17:30 0:-14 +4 -3 +2 IMPOSSIBLE@
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 17: 6 17:12 2: 5 +2 +1 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 19:19*19:14 5: 18 +4 -1 +4 IMPOSSIBLE
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 18:18 18:22 5: 17 +4 +1 +3 IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19:27 19:33 5: 26 +3 +1 +3 IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 17:43 17:56 5: 42 +3 +3 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 18:28 18:43 6: 57 +4 +4 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 17:42 18: 0 6: 41 +4 +3 +1 IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 17:49 18: 8 7: 18 +4 +4 +1 IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 16:58 17:21 7: 57 +4 +4 +1 IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
EXAMPLE 4D:
SUBJECT: CRESCENT MOON: FIRST VISIBILITY (every lunar month)
**************************************************************
ISLAMIC Year and Month 1418 Zul-Hijja [12th Islamic Month]
Astronomical New Moon Date 1998 Mar 28d 03h 14m (UT) (Sat) [INVISIBLE]
Sighting Date, Evening of 1998 Mar 28 (Sat) evening
Sighting Date Increase 0 [day(s) from Astro New Moon Date]
Event times are approximate Civil -- Clock Standard Time
(nearest) (+N,-S) (+E) Zone SUN MOON AGEat MOON-SUN Unaided-Eye
CITY LAT LONG -UT SET SET Sunset ElgAlt Azm SIGHTING
*********** deg deg hr Hr:Mn Hr:Mn Hr:Min DegDeg Deg **********
.MAKKAH-SArb 21.4 39.8 +3 18:36 19: 4 12: 22 +7 +6 -3 IMPOSSIBLE$
%ISTNBUL-Trk 41.0 28.9 +2 18:26 18:57 13: 12 +8<+6 -5 IMPOSSIBLE
.CAIRO-Egypt 30.1 31.3 +2 18:11 18:42 12: 57 +7 +6 -4 IMPOSSIBLE$
.CPETOWN-SAf -33.8 18.6 +2 18:47 19:17 13: 33 +8<+6 +5 IMPOSSIBLE
.ALGIERS-Alg 36.8 3.0 +0 18: 6 18:42 14: 52 +9<+7 -5 VERY DFCLT$
%GRENWCH-Eng 51.5 0.0 +0 18:26 19: 3 15: 12 +9 +5 -7 IMPOSSIBLE
.DAKAR-Sengl 14.7 -17.5 +0 19:21 19:59 16: 7 +9 +9 -2 DIFFICULT $
%RIOJNRO-Brz -22.9 -43.2 -3 17:56 18:35 17: 42 +10 +9 +5 DIFFICULT $
.SnTIGO-Chle -33.2 -71.0 -4 18:45 19:25 19: 31 +11 +8 +8 VERY DFCLT$
.GUYQIL-Ecdr -4.5 -80.0 -5 18:27 19:14 20: 13 +11+11 +3 MOST PROBL
%MIAMI---USA 25.8 -80.2 -5 18:35 19:26 20: 21 +12+11 -4 MOST PROBL
%SnDIEGO-USA 32.7 -117.1 -8 18: 5 19: 4 22: 51 +13+12 -6 MOST PROBL
.DWSONyk-Cnd 64.1 -139.4 -8 19:57 21:12 24: 43 +15<+8 -12 VERY DFCLT$
%ANCHORG-Als 61.1 -150.0 -9 19:36 20:51 25: 22 +15 +9 -12 DIFFICULT $
.HONOLU--Hwi 21.3 -157.5 -10 18:43 19:47 25: 29 +15+14 -3 VISIBLE
(INCREASE date one day, if crossing EAST TO WEST)
##################### INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ######################
(DECREASE date one day, if crossing WEST TO EAST)
.WLNGTN-NwZd -41.3 174.8 +12 16:21 16:33 1: 7 +2 +2 -0 IMPOSSIBLE
.TOKYO-Japan 35.7 139.7 +9 18: 0 18: 9 5: 46 +4 +2 -3 IMPOSSIBLE
.PERTH-Austr -31.8 116.2 +8 18:17 18:35 7: 3 +4 +4 +2 IMPOSSIBLE
.JAKARTA-Ind -6.3 106.9 +7 18: 1 18:19 7: 47 +4 +4 -0 IMPOSSIBLE
.KULALMP-Myl 3.1 101.7 +8 19:23 19:42 8: 9 +5 +4 -1 IMPOSSIBLE
.DHAKA-BngDs 23.8 90.3 +6 18:13 18:33 8: 59 +5 +4 -3 IMPOSSIBLE
.AGRA--India 27.2 77.9 +6 19: 5 19:27 10: 21 +6 +5 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.PESHAWR-Pks 33.6 71.4 +5 18:32 18:55 10: 18 +6 +4 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.KABUL-Afghn 34.5 69.2 +5 18:41 19: 4 10: 57 +7 +5 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
.TEHRAN-Iran 35.7 51.4 +3 17:53 18:19 11: 39 +7 +5 -4 IMPOSSIBLE
=============================================================================
=============================================================================